Lima is the capital of Peru and the country’s commercial and industrial centre.

The city is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area.

Despite its location in the tropics and in a desert, Lima's proximity to the cool waters of the Pacific Ocean leads to temperatures much lower than those expected for a tropical desert and thus Lima can be classified as a desert climate.

Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro founded the city in 1535, as La Ciudad de los Reyes, or "The City of Kings." It became the most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru and, after independence, was made the capital of the Republic of Peru.

Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru with a population of more than 9 million. Most of its people live in poverty, barely scratching a living to feed large families. Cholera outbreaks have been common in the past few years, and the city has been the target of political assassinations, bombings, and state-sponsored terrorism.

• The city's historic center was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988, due to its large number of historical buildings dating from the Spanish colonial era.
• Etymology: The name Lima may derive from the Quechuan word Rimac, which is the name of a river that flows through the city. Some speculate that the Spanish created the word Lima in trying to say Rimac, which they heard from local inhabitants.
• Head of State: President Martin Vizcarra
• Language: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara.
• Country motto: Firm and Happy for the Union.
• Currency: Peruvian sol (PEN)
• Median age: 28.4 years
• Life expectancy: 74.2 years
• Religion: 95.4% Christianity, 3.1% Unaffiliated, 1% Folk.
   

As Lima is the capital city of the Republic of Peru, it is home to the three branches of the Government of Peru: The executive branch, headquartered in the Government Palace, The legislative branch, headquartered in the Legislative Palace, and the Judicial branch, headquartered in the Palace of Justice.

The province of Lima is divided into 43 districts which are administered by the Metropolitan Lima Municipal Council. The city proper of Lima is formed by 30 of these districts. The remaining 13 districts consist of sparsely populated desert and mountainous areas

Each district is headed by a local mayor. The Mayor of Lima has authority over these and the 13 outer districts of the Lima province. Each province and district is administratively autonomous, creating an obstacle to citywide planning and development.

Since most municipalities have only enough money to run basic services, lack of finances has hindered inner-city renewal and suburban expansion.
 

Lima is the country's industrial and financial center and one of Latin America's most important financial centers, home to many national companies and hotels. It accounts for more than two-thirds of Peru's industrial production and most of its tertiary sector.

Abundant mineral resources are found in Peru's mountainous areas and Lima contains more than two thirds of its industrial production. The Metropolitan area is the main location of industry. Textiles, clothing, and food are Lima's most important industries. Chemicals, leather and oil derivatives are manufactured and processed.

Lima has also the largest export industry in South America and is a regional center for the cargo industry, shipping over 21 million tons of cargo per year. The main export goods are commodities: oil, steel, silver, zinc, cotton, sugar and coffee. The Callao seaport also serves as one of the main fishing and commerce ports in South America.

Despite its economic importance, Lima is not flushed with jobs. The national government has been a traditional leading employer, but the privatization of state companies left thousands of people out of work during the mid-1990s. The city suffers from severe unemployment and underemployment, and many people who work just barely manage to feed their families. Lima's economy grew rapidly during the mid 1990s, but a severe two-year recession that started in 1997 left one out of two Peruvians living in poverty.
 

The growth of automobile transportation has given rise to the heavily congested traffic conditions that exist in contemporary Lima. Although there is now a well-developed highway system in the metropolitan area, including an expressway between central Lima and Miraflores, the vast majority of Limeños must cope with an outdated street network and rely on three basic modes of transport: minibuses, small buses and larger municipal buses, many of which operate in bad repair. Hundreds of taxi drivers, licensed and unlicensed,Heavy trucks, private cars, and motorcycles and bicycles of all shapes and sizes complete the traffic mix.

The Lima Metro has twenty six passenger stations and opened in 2012. The railway line from Callao to Lima is the oldest in South America.

Lima is served by Jorge Chávez International Airport, located in Callao. It is the country's largest airport hosting the largest number of domestic and international passengers. It serves as the fourth-largest hub in the Latin American air network.

Lima possesses five other airports: the Las Palmas Air Force Base, Collique Airport and runways in Santa María del Mar, San Bartolo and Chilca.