Abu Dhabi is the capital of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the second-largest city in the country, after Dubai. It is located on a T-shaped island in the Persian Gulf, connected to the mainland by bridges. As of 2025, the city had a population of approximately 4.14 million, while the total population of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi stood at 3.8 million. Abu Dhabi is the UAE’s political and economic centre, with the UAE government offices, the President's residence, and the Supreme Council for Financial and Economic Affairs located there. The city accounts for about two-thirds of the UAE's $503 billion economy, largely due to its vast oil and gas reserves.

Abu Dhabi has evolved into a modern metropolis, driven by rapid development, significant oil revenues, and high average incomes. Its wealth is largely managed through sovereign wealth funds, with the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) managing around $1 trillion in assets, making it the third-largest sovereign wealth fund globally.

Historically, the region's first settlements date back to the third millennium BC. The Bani Yas tribe, to which the ruling Al Nahyan family belongs, founded the original settlement in the 18th century, around 1761. Abu Dhabi's economy was traditionally based on pearl diving, which thrived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but the discovery of oil in the mid-20th century transformed the city into an economic powerhouse.

Abu Dhabi's economy has expanded beyond oil and gas, with significant investments in real estate, tourism, and industrial sectors. The UAE government has diversified its economy, with non-oil sectors now contributing 64% to the GDP. Initiatives like Ghadan 21 and the Abu Dhabi Economic Vision 2030 aim to reduce the region’s dependency on hydrocarbons by promoting business, innovation, and sustainable growth.

The city’s infrastructure is extensive, with numerous bridges, roads, and an international airport. Abu Dhabi is a regional hub for tourism, with major attractions such as the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Louvre Abu Dhabi, Yas Island, and Ferrari World. The emirate’s focus on diversification is reflected in its support for major events like the Formula 1 Grand Prix, the Special Olympics World Games, and international sporting events.

Abu Dhabi’s climate is characterized by extremely hot summers with temperatures often exceeding 40°C (104°F). However, the cooler months from November to March offer more pleasant conditions. The city’s population is diverse, with a significant proportion of expatriates, including large communities from South Asia, the Philippines, and other Arab nations. The city has also made strides in promoting tolerance, with religious diversity supported through initiatives like the Abrahamic Family House, a multi-faith complex on Saadiyat Island.

Geography and Climate:

• Location: Abu Dhabi is located on an island that is less than 250 meters from the mainland, connected by the Maqta, Mussafah, and Sheikh Zayed Bridges.
• Area: The total area of the city is 87.3 square kilometers (33.7 square miles), and the Emirate of Abu Dhabi spans 67,340 square kilometers, making it the largest of the UAE’s seven emirates.
• Climate: Abu Dhabi has a hot desert climate, with very high temperatures in the summer (up to 49°C / 120°F) and milder temperatures from November to March. The city experiences high humidity, especially near the coast, and an average annual rainfall of just 50 mm.
• Population: As of 2025, the population of Abu Dhabi city was around 4.14 million.

Economy:

• Oil and Gas: Abu Dhabi controls approximately 95% of the UAE's oil reserves, and it holds 9% of the world’s proven oil reserves. The city’s wealth is primarily driven by the hydrocarbon sector, though recent diversification efforts have been underway.
• Sovereign Wealth Fund: The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) manages around $1 trillion in assets, making it the third-largest sovereign wealth fund in the world.
• Economic Diversification: The city has been diversifying its economy, focusing on sectors like finance, tourism, real estate, and manufacturing. Non-oil sectors now account for 64% of Abu Dhabi's GDP.
• Key Industries: Petroleum, natural gas, construction, manufacturing, tourism, and finance are among the most important industries.
• GDP: Abu Dhabi has the highest GDP per capita of any emirate in the UAE, contributing significantly to the UAE’s national economy, with a GDP of $503 billion (as of 2023).

Government:

• Ruling Family: Abu Dhabi is ruled by the Al Nahyan family, with the current president, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, being a member of this family. The Ruler of Abu Dhabi also serves as the President of the UAE.
• Federal Role: As the capital, Abu Dhabi houses the federal government offices and is the home of the UAE's President. The Abu Dhabi Executive Council handles local governance.
• Government Agencies: Key agencies include the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council, which oversees urban development, and the Abu Dhabi Department of Municipal Affairs, which handles municipal services.

Architecture and Infrastructure:

• Urban Development: The city has undergone rapid urbanisation, especially in the last few decades. Notable buildings include the Etihad Towers, the Aldar Headquarters (the first circular skyscraper in the Middle East), and the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque.
• Transportation: Abu Dhabi is well-connected by a network of roads, bridges, and highways, including the Maqta, Mussafah, and Sheikh Zayed Bridges. The Zayed International Airport (AUH) is the main hub for international flights. A metro system and other public transport developments are planned for the future.
• Future Developments: The Abu Dhabi Plan 2030 aims to further modernise the city, including new skyscrapers and developments on islands like Al Reem and Saadiyat Islands.

Culture and Society:

• Diversity: Abu Dhabi has a diverse population, with a significant proportion of expatriates from countries such as India, Pakistan, the Philippines, and the UK. Arabic is the official language, while English, Hindi, Urdu, and other languages are commonly spoken.
• Religious Freedom: The city is home to mosques, churches, Hindu temples, and a Jewish synagogue. The Abrahamic Family House, inaugurated in 2023, houses a mosque, church, and synagogue, symbolising the city’s commitment to religious tolerance.
• Tourist Attractions: Major cultural attractions include the Louvre Abu Dhabi, the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Yas Island (home to Ferrari World and Yas Marina Circuit), Saadiyat Island, and the Emirates Palace.

Education:

• Universities and Institutions: Abu Dhabi is home to several prestigious universities, including New York University Abu Dhabi, Khalifa University, and the Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI).
• Public Schools: The city’s schools are overseen by the Abu Dhabi Education Council, which licences and inspects private schools and manages public schools.

Sports:

• Popular Sports: Football, Formula 1, Jiu-Jitsu, and camel racing are popular in Abu Dhabi. The city is home to the Yas Marina Circuit, which hosts the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, and several football clubs, including Al Jazira FC.
• Major Events: Abu Dhabi hosts various international events such as the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference (ADIPEC) and the Special Olympics World Games 2019.

Key Developments:

• Abu Dhabi 2030 Vision: Aims to transform the city into a global hub for business, tourism, and innovation while reducing reliance on oil and gas.
• Sustainability: The city is investing heavily in sustainable development, including the Noor Abu Dhabi solar power project, which is the world’s largest single-site solar plant.

Abu Dhabi, the capital city of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), is governed by the Ruler of Abu Dhabi, who also holds the position of President of the UAE. The Ruler has executive authority, issuing local laws and overseeing key appointments. The current ruler of Abu Dhabi and President of the UAE is Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan. The Al Nahyan family, to which the Ruler belongs, has governed Abu Dhabi since the 18th century. The family continues to play a central role in the emirate’s governance and administration.

The governance structure in Abu Dhabi includes the Abu Dhabi Executive Council (ADEC), which is responsible for managing day-to-day government affairs. The Executive Council oversees various government departments and ensures the implementation of policies set by the Ruler. The governance structure also includes several key agencies, such as the Department of Municipalities and Transport (DMT), which manages urban development, transportation, and public services. Another important agency is the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council (UPC), responsible for regulating city planning and infrastructure development in line with long-term growth strategies.

Abu Dhabi’s government has significant control over the emirate’s economy, particularly through the management of its vast oil and gas resources. The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) manages substantial assets, contributing to the emirate's financial stability. In addition to the oil sector, Abu Dhabi has made efforts to diversify its economy, with the Abu Dhabi Economic Vision 2030 focusing on sectors such as tourism, renewable energy, and technology.

The legal system in Abu Dhabi operates under the broader UAE legal framework, combining civil law and elements of Islamic law. The judiciary is independent, with both civil and Sharia courts handling a range of legal matters. Abu Dhabi’s law enforcement is managed by the Abu Dhabi Police, which ensures public order and safety within the city. The police force operates under the Ministry of Interior and coordinates with federal agencies for broader security concerns.

In terms of public services, the Department of Municipal Affairs is tasked with managing essential services, including waste management, water, and electricity supply. The government also oversees healthcare through the Abu Dhabi Health Services Company (SEHA) and education via the Abu Dhabi Education Council (ADEC), ensuring the availability of public health services and quality education within the emirate.

Abu Dhabi’s government is also committed to fostering cultural development and promoting religious tolerance. This is evident through initiatives like the Abrahamic Family House, which houses a mosque, church, and synagogue, symbolizing the emirate's support for religious diversity. Cultural projects such as the Louvre Abu Dhabi and the development of Saadiyat Island are part of the broader effort to establish Abu Dhabi as a global cultural and educational hub.

As of 2025, Abu Dhabi's economy continues to show robust growth, with a strong focus on diversification and sustainable development. In the first half of 2025, the real GDP of Abu Dhabi reached AED 597.4 billion, marking a 3.63% increase compared to the same period in 2024. This growth was driven primarily by the non-oil sector, which expanded by 6.37% year-on-year, contributing AED 337.6 billion to the total GDP. In the second quarter of 2025, the real GDP stood at AED 306.3 billion, reflecting a 3.8% growth from Q2 2024. The non-oil economy continued its strong performance, achieving a 6.6% year-on-year increase, reaching AED 174.1 billion, and for the first time in a second quarter, accounted for 56.8% of the total GDP.

Abu Dhabi’s economic growth is primarily driven by several key sectors. The manufacturing sector reached a record high, supported by the Abu Dhabi Industrial Strategy, which is focused on enhancing the emirate’s industrial capabilities and diversifying the economy. The construction sector also experienced substantial growth, with a nearly 10% increase in activities, driven by large-scale infrastructure projects and advancements in digital technologies like the Binaa platform, which streamlines the construction process. The finance and real estate sectors also saw notable expansions. The financial services industry registered a 43% rise in the number of registered institutions, with assets under management increasing by 33% in the first quarter of 2025. Real estate activities grew by 6.7%, driven by ongoing investments in both residential and commercial developments, which have attracted both local and international interest.

Abu Dhabi’s economic strategy emphasizes further diversification and innovation. The government has been investing heavily in sectors such as artificial intelligence (AI), clean energy, and advanced manufacturing. Mubadala Investment Company, one of the emirate’s sovereign wealth funds, increased its investments by 33% in 2024, reaching AED 119 billion ($32.4 billion), with a significant focus on AI and renewable energy projects. Another key initiative is the development of the Stargate UAE AI data center campus, a major project set to come online in 2026, which will position Abu Dhabi as a global hub for AI and data processing. This project is a collaboration between Abu Dhabi’s government and major tech firms and will be powered by a combination of nuclear, solar, and natural gas energy sources.

Abu Dhabi has also become a leading player in the clean energy sector. The clean-energy investor Altérra, based in Abu Dhabi, is planning to mobilize $250 billion in climate investments by 2030, focusing on developing countries and aligning with the UAE’s broader sustainability goals. These efforts are part of Abu Dhabi’s long-term vision to diversify away from oil dependence and to position itself as a leader in global sustainability initiatives.

Abu Dhabi is undergoing significant infrastructure development, focusing on sustainability, technological innovation, and urban expansion. The Abu Dhabi Projects and Infrastructure Centre (ADPIC) is central to these efforts, overseeing a portfolio of over 600 projects valued at more than $54 billion. These initiatives encompass housing, transportation, education, and cultural developments, aiming to enhance the city's livability and economic diversification.

Abu Dhabi is investing heavily in its transportation infrastructure to improve connectivity and reduce congestion. The planned Abu Dhabi Metro system will consist of four lines, including an 18 km heavy rail line and two light rail lines, totaling 131 km. While construction has begun on the metro system, the completion date remains uncertain.

Additionally, the Abu Dhabi Tram (Line 4) is planned to connect key areas such as Yas Island, Al Raha Mall, Zayed International Airport, and Etihad Plaza. The tram network will span 33 km and is expected to be completed by 2030, with construction set to commence in 2026.

The emirate is also focusing on cultural development, with projects like the Zayed National Museum and the Guggenheim Abu Dhabi. The Zayed National Museum, located on Saadiyat Island, is scheduled to open in December 2025. Designed by Foster + Partners, the museum will feature five solar thermal towers shaped like falcon wings, symbolizing the late Sheikh Zayed's love for falconry.

Abu Dhabi is advancing its digital infrastructure through the Abu Dhabi Government Digital Strategy 2025–2027. This initiative aims to make the city the world's first fully AI-native government by 2027, with plans to deploy AED 13 billion in AI solutions, achieve 100% cloud adoption, and implement over 200 AI-driven services. The strategy also includes the development of a unified digital enterprise resource planning (ERP) platform and a sovereign cloud computing infrastructure.

Sustainability is a key focus of Abu Dhabi's infrastructure projects. The city is constructing the world's first net-zero energy mosque in Masdar City, utilizing solar energy and traditional materials like mud to minimize environmental impact. Additionally, the UAE President has mandated that 20% of Abu Dhabi's land be designated as nature reserves, expanding protected areas to enhance biodiversity and environmental conservation.

To accelerate infrastructure development, Abu Dhabi is increasing collaboration with the private sector. In the second half of 2025, the emirate plans to sign $12.8 billion worth of infrastructure projects with private entities, focusing on schools, housing, and roads. This initiative aims to leverage private investment to meet the growing demand for infrastructure and support economic diversification.